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The pursuit of manufacturing excellence is a strong theme across all of the chemical process industries (CPI). Improving operations by eliminating variability and waste, a cornerstone of the six sigma approach, is essential for competitive performance in the global marketplace.…
Level measurement and control in process vessels can be one of the most challenging applications in which to obtain consistently safe and reliable results. Part of this difficulty may be due to the fact that the sizing of the vessel…
Various misconceptions arise when it comes to the thermal design of cooling towers. Sometimes related parameters, such as range, approach, effectiveness, liquid-to-gas ratio ( L/G), wet-bulb temperature, cooling water temperature, relative humidity, number of transfer units (NTU) and other terms…
Screw compressors are widely used throughout the chemical process industries (CPI) and represent a substantial percentage of all positive-displacement compressors that are now sold and in operation in CPI facilities. In general, screw compressors are efficient, reliable, simple and…
Mechanical integrity is an essential consideration in heat exchanger design. The most common threat to this integrity is tube bundle vibration. So, the computer programs used for heat exchanger design incorporate procedures that assess this threat. However, such analysis is…
Projects have been undertaken by nations, private enterprises and individuals for more years than recorded history. Over the last three decades, project execution in the chemical process industries (CPI) has become almost standardized, with the general adoption of certain well-known…
In the chemical process industries (CPI) it is relatively common to use a homogeneous two-phase flow model to predict the pressure drop through the shell-side of horizontal heat exchangers that handle two-phase mixtures. Recent experimental studies reported by HTFS [1,…
Lubricants in rotating machines reduce friction and wear, dissipate heat, protect surfaces, keep out foreign contaminants and remove wear particles. Commonly used liquid lubricants fall into two main categories: mineral (petroleum-based) oils and synthetic oils. Mineral oils…