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How to Estimate Utility Costs
Utility estimates are often complicated because they depend on both inflation and energy costs. This simplified approach offers a two-factor utility-cost equation and the relevant coefficients for a number of utilities
By Gael D. Ulrich and Palligarnai T. Vasudevan, University of New Hampshire |
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Typical process utilities include electricity, process steam, refrigerants, compressed air, cooling water, heated water, hot oil, process…